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Indian Railway

Indian Railways completed stage-1 (RFQ) for Operation of Private Trains

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151 Private Trains by Private Operators

Indian Railways has completed the RFQ evaluations (Stage-1) for PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project. 151 Trains to be run by Private operators once the selection  process is over, would be over and above the already existing trains .

  • Trains to run on public private partnership mode
  • These trains will be in addition to the trains already being run by Railways
  • Private trains to bring modern technology
  • Introduction of these additional private trains is expected to boost jobs

These trains are going to run on the routes where there the demand for trains are already higher than the existing capacity

The driver and guard of the trains will Railway officials . The safety clearance of trains will be done by Railways only . PIB

Out of 120 applications, 102 applications have been found eligible to participate in the RFP stage.

Ministry of Railways (MOR) had invited Request for Qualifications (RFQ) for private participation in operation of passenger train services over 12 Clusters comprising for more than 150 Origin Destination pair of routes through introduction of 151 modern Trains.

This is the first major initiative of attracting private investment for running Passenger Trains over Indian Railway Network. The project would entail private sector investment of about Rs 30,000 crores.

Majority of Trains to be manufactured in India (Make in India). The private entity shall be responsible for financing, procuring, operation and maintenance of the trains.

Objective of running Private Trains

The objective of this initiative is-

  • To introduce modern technology rolling stock with reduced maintenance,
  • To reduce transit time,
  • To boost job creation,
  • To provide enhanced safety,
  • To provide world class travel experience to passengers,
  • and also to reduce demand supply deficit in the passenger transportation sector.
How the operation of Private Trains will be done?

The Private Entity shall pay to Indian Railways fixed haulage charges, energy charges as per actual consumption and a share in Gross Revenue determined through a transparent bidding process.

These train services would be operated on the Indian Railway Network where at present both passenger and freight trains are  being operated on the common track. The major trunk routes are saturated and operate at near full capacity. However, with planned commissioning of Dedicated Freight Corridors in 2021 and other infrastructural works, there would be availability of additional paths for operation of additional passenger services and it would therefore be possible to run additional services utilizing modern trains proposed in  the current initiative.

2 Stage Selection Process

The private entities for undertaking the project would be selected through a transparent two-stage competitive bidding process comprising of Request for Qualification (RFQ) and Request for Proposal (RFP).                       

  • Stage-1: Request for Qualification (RFQ) – Completed
  • Stage-2: Request for Proposal (RFP)

The RFQ for 12 clusters were published on 01 July 2020. 

•           The applications were opened on October 7, 2020. MoR has received excellent response. In all 120 Applications have been received for the 12 Clusters, from 16 applicant firms. Cluster wise details of the Applications received are attached herewith.           

MoR has completed the evaluation of Applications. Out of 120 applications, 102 applications are found eligible to participate in the RFP stage. The results of evaluation of Applications are attached herewith.  The RFP documents will be made available to the qualified applicants very soon.

Summary of Firms Qualified for Stage-2

Summary of number of firms qualified in RFQ stage-1 for participation in RFP stage-2 for Operation of Passenger Trains in PPP mode over Indian Rail Network.

Sr.No.ClusterNo. of firms qualified for participation in RFP stage
1.Cluster 1 (Mumbai 1)8
2. Cluster 2 (Mumbai 2)11
3. Cluster 3 (Delhi 1)9
4.Cluster 4 (Delhi 2)10
5.Cluster 5 (Chandigarh)8
6. Cluster 6 (Howrah)8
7. Cluster 7 (Patna)8
8. Cluster 8 (Prayagraj)9
9. Cluster 9 (Secunderabad)9
10.Cluster 10 (Jaipur)9
11.  Cluster 11 (Chennai)5
12. Cluster 12 (Bengaluru)8
            1.         Cluster 1 (Mumbai 1)

The following 08 (eight) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster-1 (Mumbai-1) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)      M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited; and

            (b)      M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited; and

            (b)        M/sTechno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            2.         Cluster 2 (Mumbai 2)

The following 11 (eleven) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster-2 (Mumbai-2) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, S.A.

            (b)        M/s CAF India Private Limited

            (c)        M/s CAF Investment Projects, S.A.

            2)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            3)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            4)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            5)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            6)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            7)         M/s L&T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited

            8)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd           

            9)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            10)       Consortium of

            (a)        M/s R. K. Associates & Hoteliers Pvt. Ltd.

            (b)        M/s Omaxe Limited

            11)       M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            3.         Cluster 3 (Delhi 1)

The following 09 (nine) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 3 (Delhi 1) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd           

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s PNC Infratech Ltd

            9)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            4.         Cluster 4 (Delhi 2)

The following 10 (ten) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 4 (Delhi 2) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd           

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s PNC Infratech Ltd

            9)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s R. K. Associates & Hoteliers Pvt. Ltd.

            (b)        M/s Omaxe Limited

            10)       M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            5.         Cluster 5 (Chandigarh)

The following 08 (eight) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 5 (Chandigarh)of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd..

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            6.         Cluster 6 ( Howrah)

The following 08 (eight) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 6 (Howrah)of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd..

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)         M/s Malempati Power Private Limited; and

            (b)         M/sTechno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            7.         Cluster 7 ( Patna)

The following 08 (eight) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 7 (Patna)of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd..

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            8.         Cluster 8 (Prayagraj)

The following 09 (nine) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 8 (Prayagraj) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/ GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd           

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s PNC Infratech Ltd

            9)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            9.         Cluster 9 (Secunderabad)

The following 09 (nine) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 9 (Secunderabad) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         M/s L&T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited

            7)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd           

            8)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            9)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            10.       Cluster 10 (Jaipur)

The following 9 (nine) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 10 (Jaipur) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            2)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Gateway Rail Freight Limited

            (b)        M/s Gateway Distriparks Limited

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.

            5)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd       

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s PNC Infratech Ltd

            9)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

            11.       Cluster 11 (Chennai)

The following 05 (five) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 11 (Chennai) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            2)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            3)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            4)         M/s L&T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited

            5)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            12.       Cluster 12 (Bengaluru)

The following 08 (eight) applicants are qualified for participation in RFP stage for Cluster 12 (Bengaluru) of PPP in Passenger Train Operations Project:

            1)         M/s Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

            2)         M/s Cube Highways and Infrastructure III Pte. Ltd.

            3)         M/s GMR Highways Limited

            4)         M/s IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited

            5)         M/s L&T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited

            6)         Consortium of

            (a)        M/s Malempati Power Private Limited

            (b)        M/s Techno Infra Developers Pvt Ltd           

            7)         M/s Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

            8)         M/s Welspun Enterprises Limited

*** Source: PIB

Also read…

Indian Railway

The Privatisation of Japan Railways: Why & How – Privatisation of Indian Railways

2 Comments
Why privatisation:

Privatisation of Railways is controversial elsewhere, but many of Japan’s privatised rail operators are profitable and efficient. What did they do differently? Has privatisation of the railways really been a success in Japan?

Privatization of state-owned enterprises has been globally prevalent since the 1980s with a primary objective of improving their performance in profitability and provision of better service through the ownership change.

  • Japanese National Railways was privatised in 1987 and broken into six regional rail companies and a nationwide freight company.
  • State owned Railway: Prior to Restructuring, Japan’s National Railway (JNR) was a State owned railway. There was constant government intervention at every level. The government approved the matters related to allocation of budgeting, operation plans, fares etc.
  • The huge organization: JNR was spanned the entire country with a large number of employees, resulting in inflexible budget formulation, and a lag in satisfying customer needs. In particular, a lack of a clear understanding of the actual management conditions by region or division made it difficult to implement strong corporate strategies.

The large organisations could not respond flexibly to satisfy customers’ changing needs.

  • Ineffective management: JNR’s unified nationwide management was ineffective to understand respond to the local needs. The labour union failed to see the worsening finances and refused to cooperate with the management.
  • Competition with other transport modes: Increasing competition from other modes of transport eventually led to massive financial failures for JNR.
  • Huge Debt & High Operating Ratio: JNRs share in passenger transport volume dropped sharply from 55% in 1955 to 23% in 1985. The share of freight transport volume dropped more drastically from 52% to 5% over this same period. Abnormally high personnel expenses (amounting to 78% of total revenues at their peak, compared with about 40% for private railways) and JNR’s consistent policy was to continue to cover its deficits by borrowing led to annual loss in 1985.

By 1987, JNR’s debt was over ¥27 trillion ($280 billion at 2009 exchange rates) and the company was spending ¥147 for every ¥100 earned.

Means, JNR was making huge losses for operation of Trains.

Here, just think about present economical and organisational condition of Indian Railways!!! Also Read- क्या हो रहा है Indian Railway का निजीकरण ???

Aim of Privatisation of JNR

The aims of privatization of a state owned JNR was to-
• Eliminate external interference
• Clarify management responsibility
• Normalize labor-management relations
• Diversify business fields
• Create manageable scales
• Strengthen regionalized management and collaboration
• Remove irrational interdependence
• Promote incentives for competition and marketization

How privatised: Restructuring of Japanese Railways

The main problem with JNR was two-fold:

  • The company was too large an organization to be managed properly and
  • it had to operate under political influence as evidenced by its operation of even unprofitable lines built only for political purposes.

Thus, the Japan’s National Railway was privatised and restructured on the Geographical and Functional basis.

  • The Japanese Railway privatisation divided JNR into six private regional passenger companies (JRs) and a nationwide freight carrier; JR Freight.
  • The Japanese Railway privatisation of 1987 led to the Regional subdivision by geographical demand upon six regional passenger railway companies, and each company would gain control over decisions about which lines to operate and which lines to close.

• Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido)
• East Japan Railway Company (JR East)
• West Japan Railway Company (JR West)
• Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tokai)
• Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku)
• Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu)
• Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight)

  • Horizontal separation (or regional subdivision): Three on the main island of Honshu and one each on the three islands of Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu.
  • Functional distinction (or passenger-freight distinction): functional distinction of freight and passenger market was made. The JR freight was separated from the JR passenger and allowed to borrow tracks from infrastructure-holding passenger JRs, instead of holding the infrastructure itself.
  • Vertical integration (or operation and infrastructure integration); Each JR company owns the rolling stock and infrastructure. If a rail operator needs access to another company’s tracks for operation is allowed based on negotiation between infrastructures providing company and the operator.
  • lump-sum subsidies for low-density JRs: Management Stability Fund (MSF) was established for passenger trains in Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu islands, where the population was low.
Unique about privatisation of Japan Railways

In Japan, the former Japan National Railways was split up along regional lines and then everything was sold together. For example, JR East, centred on the city of Tokyo, owns its tracks, its trains and its stations outright. A private JR Central operates from Nagoya and JR West from Osaka, but the unprofitable JR Hokkaido, which operates many rural lines on Japan’s northernmost island, is still 100 per cent publicly owned.

Outlines of the JNR Restructuring…

Source : The Privatization of Japan Railways: Why, How, and Now

In India, the Ministry of Railways is responsible for the country’s rail transport. Similarly, in Japan, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is having Rail Bureau for managing the rail transport.

Railway Bureau of Japan is having following sub-divisions.

Read more about-

What do you think of the privatisation of Indian Railways? Would it be successful in India, if Railway privatised? Let us know in the comments section below.

Indian Railway

Privatization: क्या हो रहा है रेलवे का निजीकरण ???

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क्या हो जायेगा रेलवे का निजीकरण, हाल ही में लिए गए रेलवे बोर्ड के निर्णयों से लगता है तो यही है की अब रेलवे का निजीकरण शुरू हो चुका है।

  • तीन साल में दौड़ेंगी 151 प्राइवेट ट्रेनें
  • 109 व्यस्ततम रूट पर दौड़ेंगी प्राइवेट ट्रेनें
  • रेलवे के सभी प्रमुख स्टेशन होंगे प्राइवेट
  • प्राइवेट कम्पनियाँ तय करेंगी ट्रेनों का स्टॉपेज
  • रेलवे की सभी प्रोडक्शन यूनिट्स एवं वर्कशॉप्स बनेंगी सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रम (PSU)
  • डेडिकेटेड फ्रेट कॉरिडोर (DFC) में चलेंगी प्राइवेट मालगाड़ियाँ
  • बुलेट ट्रैन भी होगी प्राइवेट
  • प्राइवेट गाड़ियों का, स्टेशनों का संचालन किसके हाथों में होगा?

मेरी भारतीय रेल, जिसको Life Line of the Nation भी कहते हैं, बदलावों के दौर से गुजर रही है। पता नहीं इसका भविष्य BSNL जैसा होगा या, जापान रेल जैसा होगा। भारतीय रेल जो अपनों को मिलाती है, लाखों लोगों को रोजगार देती है, और करोड़ों के जीवन को संवारती है।

भारतीय रेल में हो रहे बदलाव दिनों दिन रेलवे के निजीकरण की कहानी लिख रहे हैं। रेलवे के सभी स्टेशनों को डेवलपमेंट के नाम पर निजी हाथों में दिया जा रहा है। रेलगाड़ियों को स्पीड व सुविधाओं के नाम पर निजी लोगों को बेच दिया गया है। रेलवे के सभी कारखानों को PSU बनाकर, उनको भी बेचने की तैयारी लगभग पूरी कर ली गयी है। निजी स्टेशनों, रेलगाड़ियों, एवं कारखानों को चलाने वाले लोग भी निजी कंपनियों के हाथों में होंगे।

तीन साल में दौड़ेंगी 151 प्राइवेट ट्रेनें- रेलवे का निजीकरण

अगले तीन साल में, 2023 तक 151 प्राइवेट ट्रैन चलाने के लिए सरकार ने हरी झंडी दे दी है। ये रेलगाड़ियाँ प्रमुख शहरों के बीच चलाई जाएँगी। ये कहाँ रुकेंगी, इसका निर्णय प्राइवेट लोग करेंगे। इनकी रफ़्तार तेज होगी, ये समय से चलेंगी। इनको चलाने के लिए निजी कंपनियों के ड्राइवर, गार्ड होंगे। इनमें यात्रियों के लिए अधिक सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध करायी जाएँगी, जिसके लिए अधिक किराया वसूला जायेगा। ये एक शुरुआत है, आगे और भी प्राइवेट ट्रैन चलायी जाएँगी। ये ट्रेनें, वर्तमान में चल रही तेजस ट्रेनों के अतिरिक्त चलायी जाएँगी।

109 व्यस्ततम रूट पर दौड़ेंगी प्राइवेट ट्रेनें- रेलवे का निजीकरण

इन प्राइवेट ट्रेनों को प्रमुख शहरों के बीच चलाया जायेगा। आज चल रही प्रमुख ट्रेनों का स्थान, ये प्राइवेट ट्रेनें ले लेंगी। इसलिए ये पहले से सुनिश्चित किया जायेगा की इनको किसी प्रकार का कोई घाटा न हो। प्रमुख शहरों के बीच, प्रमुख समयों पर, हाई रफ़्तार से चलने वाली इन प्राइवेट ट्रेनों को प्रमुखता से चलाया जायेगा।

रेलवे के सभी प्रमुख स्टेशन होंगे प्राइवेट –

रेलवे के सभी स्टेशनों के डवलपमेंट के लिए रेलवे बोर्ड ने इंडियन रेलवे स्टेशन डेवलपमेंट कारपोरेशन लिमिटेड (IRSDC) को दे दिया है। IRSDC, रेलवे स्टेशनों को पब्लिक प्राइवेट पार्टनरशिप (PPP) मोड़ पर डेवलप करेगी।

IRSDC will develop self-sustainable railway stations in the country with high standards of safety, comfort, user friendly passenger amenities, value added services and efficiency by adopting the best technological practices, sound financial strategy and optimum utilization of resources.


इन स्टेशनों का संचालन पूर्ण रूप से निजी कंपनियों के पास होगा। इन स्टेशनों पर बड़े बड़े मॉल्स, होटल्स, रेस्टोरेंट्स बनेंगे। प्लेटफार्म टिकट से लेकर, सभी गतिविधियों/सुविधा शुल्कों का निर्धारण प्राइवेट कम्पनियाँ करेंगी। इन स्टेशनों के प्रबंधन का सम्पूर्ण जिम्मा निजी लोगों के हाथों में होगा।

Stations under Redevelopment by IRSDC

ONGOING PROJECT

 HABIBGANJ
 “GANDHI NAGAR” -GUJARAT
 ANAND VIHAR
 BIJWASAN
 CHANDIGARH
PROJECT IN PLANNING

 NAGPUR
 GWALIOR
 AMRITSAR
 SABARMATI
 SHIVAJI NAGAR
 SURAT
 BAIYYAPPANAHALLI
 GANDHINAGAR (JAIPUR)
 KANPUR
 THAKURLI
रेलवे की सभी प्रोडक्शन यूनिट्स एवं वर्कशॉप्स बनेंगी सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रम (PSU)

प्रोडक्शन यूनिट्स को PSU में बदलने के लिए पिछले साल ही योजना बना ली थी। PSU में बदलने के पश्चात इनको निजी हाथों में देना आसान हो जायेगा।

अन्य देशों में रेलवे के निजीकरण का इतिहास –

विश्व के कई अन्य देशों में भी रेलवे का निजीकरण हो चुका है जैसे- यूनाइटेड किंगडम, जापान, कनाडा, स्वेडन, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, न्यूजीलैंड आदि। इजिप्ट में भी शुरुआत हो चुकी है।भारतीय रेलवे का आने वाले दिनों में सफर कैसा रहेगा, ये देखने वाली बात होगी। लेकिन देश में बेरोजगारी, गरीबी जैसी समस्याएं कब तक बनी रहेंगी, इसके बारे में कुछ नहीं कहा जा सकता है।

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